Six sigma robust design optimization for thermal protection system of hypersonic vehicles based on successive response surface method

Lightweight design is important for the Thermal Protection System(TPS) of hypersonic vehicles in that it protects the inner structure from severe heating environment. However, due to the existence of uncertainties in material properties and geometry, it is imperative to incorporate uncertainty analysis into the design optimization to obtain reliable results. In this paper, a six sigma robust design optimization based on Successive Response Surface Method(SRSM) is established for the TPS to improve the reliability and robustness with considering the uncertainties. The uncertain parameters related to material properties and thicknesses of insulation layers are considered and characterized by random variables following normal distributions. By employing SRSM, the values of objective function and constraints are approximated by the response surfaces to reduce computational cost. The optimization is an iterative process with response surfaces updating to find the true optimal solution. The optimization of the nose cone of hypersonic vehicle cabin is provided as an example to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

螺旋桨滑流对发动机进气道气动性能的影响

针对螺旋桨/短舱/进气道一体化构型,采用多重参考系(MRF)法和滑移网格非定常法进行了数值模拟研究,实现了螺旋桨/短舱/进气道一体化内外流耦合流场仿真,研究了不同工况下螺旋桨滑流对进气道气动性能的影响,并与无桨构型的进气道性能进行了对比,最后通过数值分析解释了螺旋桨桨盘后总压上升的原因。结果表明:多重参考系法和滑移网格非定常法对进气道出口的时均参数的计算结果吻合较好,多重参考系法可用于螺旋桨及进气道的气动性能参数计算;螺旋桨做功使进气道总压恢复系数增高,螺旋桨转速越大,总压恢复系数的增量就越大,且螺旋桨滑流使进气道出口畸变指数明显增大;通过数值分析推导的桨盘前后总压关系公式与仿真结果的误差均在3%以内。      

逆向进气复合角发散冷却孔流量系数试验

针对回流燃烧室外环壁面冷气与燃气流动方向相反的情况,试验研究了发散孔进气方向与环腔通道气流流动方向相反的条件下,复合角发散冷却孔流量系数随发散孔倾角(25°~55°)、偏角(90°~180°)及压降系数等参数的变化规律。研究结果表明:复合角发散孔的流量系数随倾角的增大而增大,随偏角的增大而减小；随着压降系数的增大,复合角发散孔的流量系数先呈近似线性增长,当压降系数大于0.95后,呈非线性增长且增长速度减缓。      

Evasion guidance algorithms for air-breathing hypersonic vehicles in three-player pursuit-evasion games

In practical combat scenario, the cooperative intercept strategies are often carefully designed, and it is challenging for the hypersonic vehicles to achieve successful evasion. Based on the analysis, it can be found that if several Successive Pursuers come from the Same Direction (SPSD) and flight with a proper spacing, the evasion difficulty may increase greatly. To address this problem, we focus on the evasion guidance strategy design for the Air-breathing Hypersonic Vehicles (AHVs) under the SPSD combat scenario. In order to avoid the induced influence on the scramjet, altitude and speed of the vehicle, the lateral maneuver and evasion are employed. To guarantee the remnant maneuver ability, the concept of specified miss distance is introduced and utilized to generate the guidance command for the AHV. In the framework of constrained optimal control, the analytical expression of the evasion command is derived, and the constraints of the overload can be ensured to be never violated. In fact, by analyzing the spacing of the pursers, it can be classified whether the cooperative pursuit is formed. For the coordination-unformed multiple pursers, the evasion can be achieved lightly by the proposed strategy. If the coordination is formed, the proposed method will generate a large reverse direction maneuver, and the successful evasion can be maintained as a result. The performance of the proposed algorithms is tested in numerical simulations.     

带攻角约束的高超声速飞行器自适应反步控制器设计

针对带攻角(AOA)约束的高超声速飞行器控制问题，提出一种基于非对称时变障碍函数的非线性自适应反步控制方法。首先，将飞行器模型化为严反馈形式，以反步法为基础进行控制器设计。然后通过光滑饱和函数对名义攻角指令信号进行限幅，并保证限幅信号的可导性，限幅产生的误差通过设计辅助系统进行补偿。进而使用障碍函数对攻角指令跟踪误差进行非对称时变约束。针对不确定性和干扰，设计新型自适应律对集中干扰上界进行估计并补偿。最终通过Lyapunov理论证明了闭环系统状态量一致最终有界并且攻角始终满足时变约束。仿真结果表明，本文方法能够在满足攻角约束基础上保证良好跟踪性能。     

Numerical analysis of hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environment for an entry configuration in ionized flow

A theoretical methodology for thermochemical non-equilibrium flow combing with the HLLC (Harten-Lax-van Leer Contact) scheme was applied to study the hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environment of an entry configuration in ionized flow. A two-temperature controlling model was utilized and the Gupta’s 11 species (N₂, O₂, NO, O, N, NO⁺, N₂⁺, O₂⁺, N⁺, O⁺, e^?) thermochemical non-equilibrium model was taken. Firstly, numerical calculations of hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environments for different aerodynamic shapes were carried out to verify the reliability of the method above. Then, the method was used to research the effects of ionization and wall catalysis on the hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environment of the entry configuration in ionized flow. The shock stand-off distance can be reduced by thermochemical reactions but doesn’t continue to decrease significantly when ionization occurs. The shock stand-off distance calculated by the 11 species model is 4.2% smaller than that calculated by the 5 species (N₂, O₂, NO, O, N) thermochemical non-equilibrium model without considering ionization. Ionization reduces wall heat flux but increases wall pressure a little. The effect of ionization on aerothermal loads is greater than that of aerodynamic loads. The thermochemical reactions of electrons and ions catalyzed at the wall increase wall heat flux significantly but make a small change in wall pressure. The maximum wall heat flux obtained by only considering the electrons and ions catalyzed at the partially catalytic wall condition is 11.8% less than that calculated at the super-catalytic wall condition.     

谱估计理论在弹道数据参数化建模中的应用

针对高超声速飞行器防御作战中目标运动规律的描述问题，提出一种基于经典和现代谱估计理论的弹道数据参数化分析和建模方法。该方法将弹道数据视作非平稳随机信号，研究其变化规律：首先，通过线性消势法消除信号的线性趋势，将其转变为平稳信号，以便于进行谱估计；然后，采用Welch算法给出大致的谱图，结合该谱图和改进的协方差法确定自回归参数模型的阶数，以避免模型阶数选择准则引起的不确定性问题；最终，给出弹道数据的参数化模型。仿真结果表明，使用本文算法建立的弹道数据参数化模型与动力学模型具有较高的一 致性。     

轴流压气机插板式进气畸变数值仿真

以航空发动机稳定性评价体系中常用的插板实验为背景,分别进行低速、高亚声速、跨声速轴流压气机与插板畸变发生器的耦合数值仿真,研究插板畸变条件下压气机的流场特性以及不同类型压气机在插板畸变影响下的失速起始机制。研究发现:转子进口截面的周向流动是影响低速压气机稳定边界的主要因素；插板角涡对转子叶顶泄漏涡的扰动是影响高亚声速压气机稳定边界的重要原因；畸变气流影响下的叶片通道内激波强度和位置的变化是影响跨声速压气机稳定边界的关键因素。      

高超声速滑翔再入定向定速打击末制导算法

以具有终端落角和落速约束的小升阻比短距滑翔高超声速再入打击飞行器为研究对象，通过引入弹道调整段来实现对飞行器的初步大幅度减速，并使其满足中末制导交班条件，以解决飞行器捕获目标后难以直接对其进行定向定速打击的问题。首先设计了一种变角偏差反馈系数的偏置比例制导律，解决了末端攻击段弹道下压困难以及导引头视场稳定跟踪等问题。在此基础上，建立了一种基于攻角和弹道倾角估计的末端减速指令生成方法，有效解决了基于理想速度曲线减速控制方法精度不足的问题。因此，数值仿真结果表明该制导方案能够有效控制飞行器终端落角和落速，并具有较高的制导精度。     

二元曲面可调进气道流量系数精确预测方法

为了满足二元曲面可调进气道模态转换马赫数范围(来流马赫数为2.2~3.2)的流量要求,针对唇口平移、转动和转动+平移三种调节方案,基于理论分析和基准进气道的流场,提出了一种流量系数精确预测方法,并通过数值计算进行验证且获得了进气道的总体性能。结果表明:调节后的进气道流量系数与预测值完全相等,而且无需多次试算,符合设计预期,可拓展应用于轴对称进气道。相对基准进气道,唇口前移时流量系数和压缩效率同时增加,来流马赫数为2.5时出口总压恢复系数相等而增压比增加了14.6%;在降低相同流量系数条件下,后移唇口使得增压比和压缩效率均降低,来流马赫数为2.5时出口总压恢复系数基本相等而增压比减小了12.9%,转动唇口使增压比进一步减小了9.1%,唇口后移方案性能更优。